Anonymous User
Login / Registration

Gastroenterologie
a hepatologie

Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Gastroent Hepatol 2022; 76(1): 13–28. doi: 10.48095/ccgh202213.

Recommendations of the Working Group for IBD for the Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

Martin Bortlík1, Dana Ďuricová2, Aleš Novotný Orcid.org  3, Pavel Drastich4, Václav Mandys5, Petra Mináriková Orcid.org  6, Barbora Pipek7, Ivana Mikoviny-Kajzrlíková8, Lenka Nedbalová9, Jana Koželuhová Orcid.org  10, Naděžda Machková2, Lucie Prokopová Orcid.org  11, Pavel Kohout Orcid.org  12, Zuzana Šerclová Orcid.org  13, Martin Vašátko2, Tomáš Douda Orcid.org  14, Jiří Stehlík Orcid.org  15, Karel Mareš Orcid.org  16, Milan Lukáš2, Vladimír Zbořil Orcid.org  11, Petra Matějková17, Luděk Hrdlička17

+ Affiliation

To read this article in full, please register for free on this website.

Benefits for subscribers

Benefits for logged users

Literature

1. Raine T, Bonovas S, Burisch J et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in ulcerative colitis: medical treatment. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16(1): 2–17. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab178.
2. Lukáš M, Dušek L. Idiopatické střevní záněty ve statistických ukazatelích a analýzách. In: Lukáš M et al (eds). Idiopatické střevní záněty – nové trendy a mezioborové souvislosti. Praha: Grada Publishing, a. s. 2020.
3. Jess T, Gamborg M, Munkholm P et al. Overall and cause-specific mortality in ulcerative colitis: meta-analysis of population-based inception cohort studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102(3): 609–617. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.010 00.x.
4. Bortlík M. Vývoj léčby idiopatických střevních zánětů v posledních 20 letech. Gastroent Hepatol 2015; 69(4): 341–350.
5. OCEMB levels of evidence working group. The Oxford 2011 levels of evidence: Oxford centre for evidence-based medicine. 2014 [online]. Available from: https: //www.cebm.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CEBM-Levels-of-Evidence-2.1.pdf.
6. Magro F, Gionchetti P, Eliakim R et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 1: definitions, diagnosis, extra-intestinal manifestations, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11(6): 649–670. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx008.
7. Vavricka SR, Brun L, Ballabeni P et al. Frequency and risk factors for extraintestinal manifestations in the Swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 110–119. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.343.
8. Bajer L, Kamenář D, Sticová E et al. Idiopatický střevní zánět u pacientů s primární sklerozující cholangitidou – samostatný fenotyp IBD. Gastroent Hepatol 2014; 68(1): 24–35.
9. Moller FT, Andersen V, Wohlfahrt J et al. Familial risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study 1977–2011. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110(4): 564–571. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2015.50.
10. To N, Ford AC, Gracie DJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the effect of tobacco smoking on the natural history of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44(2): 117–126. doi: 10.1111/apt.13663.
11. Radford-Smith GL, Edwards JE, Purdie DM et al. Protective role of appendicectomy on onset and severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Gut 2002; 51(6): 808–813. doi: 10.1136/gut.51.6.808.
12. Sandborn WJ. Serologic markers in inflammatory bowel disease: state of the art. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2004; 4(4): 167–174.
13. Rajwal SR, Puntis JW, McClean P et al. Endoscopic rectal sparing in children with untreated ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38(1): 66–69. doi: 10.1097/00005176-20 0401000-00015.
14. Park SH, Loftus EV Jr, Yang SK. Appendiceal skip inflammation and ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59(9): 2050–2057. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3129-z.
15. Rutter MD, Saunders BP, Wilkinson KH et al. Cancer surveillance in longstanding ulcerative colitis: endoscopic appearances help predict cancer risk. Gut 2004; 53(12): 1813–1816. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.038505.
16. Lang-Schwarz C, Angeloni M, Agaimy A et al. Validation of the ‚Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Distribution, Chronicity, Activity [IBD-DCA] score‘ for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15(10): 1621–1630. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab055.
17. Gower-Rousseau C, Dauchet L, Vernier-Massouille G et al. The natural history of pediatric ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(8): 2080–2088. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.177.
18. Katsanos KH, Vermeire S, Christodoulou DK et al. EC-IBD Study Group. Dysplasia and cancer in inflammatory bowel disease 10 years after diagnosis: results of a population-based European collaborative follow-up study. Digestion 2007; 75(2–3): 113–121. doi: 10.1159/000104731.
19. D’Haens G, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG et al. A review of activity indices and efficacy end points for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(2): 763–786. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.038.
20. Travis SP, Schnell D, Krzeski P et al. Developing an instrument to assess the endoscopic severity of ulcerative colitis: the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS). Gut 2012; 61(4): 535–542. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300486.
21. Truelove SC, Jewell DP. Intensive intravenous regimen for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1974; 1(7866): 1067–1070. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90552-2.
22. Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Laboratory markers in IBD: useful, magic, or unnecessary toys? Gut 2006; 55(3): 426–431. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.069476.
23. Lin JF, Chen JM, Zuo JH et al. Meta-analysis: fecal calprotectin for assessment of inflammatory bowel disease activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20(8): 1407–1415. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000057.
24. Turner D, Ricciuto A, Lewis A et al. STRIDE-II: an update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD. Gastroenterology 2021; 160(5): 1570–1583. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.031.
25. Doherty G, Katsanos KH, Burisch J et al. European Crohn‘s and colitis organisation topical review on treatment withdrawal (‚exit strategies‘) in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12(1): 17–31. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/ jjx101.
26. Dulai PS, Battat R, Barsky M et al. Incorporating fecal calprotectin into clinical practice for patients with moderate-to-severely active ulcerative colitis treated with biologics or small-molecule inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115(6): 885–894. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000596.
27. Wetwittayakhlang P, Lontai L, Gonczi L et al. Treatment targets in ulcerative colitis: is it time for all in, including histology? J Clin Med 2021; 10(23): 5551. doi: 10.3390/jcm10235551.
28. Andus T, Kocjan A, Müser M et al. Clinical trial: a novel high-dose 1 g mesalamine suppository (Salofalk) once daily is as efficacious as a 500- mg suppository thrice daily in active ulcerative proctitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16(11): 1947–1956. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21258.
29. Lamet M. A multicenter, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mesalamine suppositories 1 g at bedtime and 500 mg Twice daily in patients with active mild-to-moderate ulcerative proctitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56(2): 513–522. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1334-y.
30. Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A et al. Comparison of oral with rectal mesalazine in the treatment of ulcerative proctitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41(1): 93–97. doi: 10.1007/ BF02236902.
31. Ng SC. Management of ulcerative colitis. In: Hart AL, Ng SC (eds). Inflammatory bowel disease: an evidence-based practical guide. Malta: Gutenberg Press Ltd 2012: 5–12.
32. Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal corticosteroids versus alternative treatments in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 1997; 40(6): 775–781. doi: 10.1136/gut.40.6.775.
33. Ford AC, Khan KJ, Achkar JP et al. Efficacy of oral vs. topical, or combined oral and topical 5-aminosalicylates, in Ulcerative Colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107(2): 167–176. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2011.410.
34. Feagan BG, MacDonald JK. Once daily oral mesalamine compared to conventional dosing for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18(9): 1785–1794. doi: 10.1002/ibd.23024.
35. Kruis W, Kiudelis G, Rácz I et al. Once daily versus three times daily mesalazine granules in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Gut 2009; 58(2): 233–240. doi: 10.1136/gut.2008.154302.
36. Ford AC, Achkar JP, Khan KJ et al. Efficacy of 5-aminosalicylates in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106(4): 601–616. doi: 10.1038/ajg. 2011.67.
37. Leifeld L, Pfützer R, Morgenstern J et al. Mesalazine granules are superior to Eudragit-L-coated mesalazine tablets for induction of remission in distal ulcerative colitis – a pooled analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34(9): 1115–1122. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04840.x.
38. Bortlík M, Ďuricová D, Douda T et al. Doporučení pro podávání biologické léčby pacientům s idiopatickými střevními záněty: čtvrté, aktualizované vydání. Gastroent Hepatol 2019; 73(1): 11–24. doi: 10.14735/amgh201911.
39. European Medicines Agency. Zeposia. 2022 [online]. Available from: https: //www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/zeposia-epar-product-information_en.pdf.
40. European Medicines Agency. Jyseleca. 2022 [online]. Available from: https: //www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/jyseleca-epar-product-information_ en.pdf.
41. Stange EF, Travis SP, Vermeire S et al. European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis 2008; 2(1): 1–23. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2007.11.001.
42. Chebli LA, Chaves LD, Pimentel FF et al. Azathioprine maintains long-term steroid-free remission through 3 years in patients with steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16(4): 613–619. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21083.
43. Harbord M, Eliakim R, Bettenworth D et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 2: current management. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11(7): 769–784. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx009.
44. Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2013; 369(8): 699–710. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215734.
45. Sands BE, Sandborn WJ, Panaccione R et al. Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2019; 381(13): 1201–1214. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa 1900750.
46. Sandborn WJ, Su C, Panes J. Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2017; 377(5): 496–497. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1707500.
47. Sanborn WJ, Feagan B, D’Haens G et al. Ozanimod as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385(14): 1280–1291. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2033617.
48. Feagan BG, Danese S, Loftus EV Jr et al. Filgotinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (SELECTION): a phase 2b/3 double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397(10292): 2372–2384. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00666-8.
49. Sands B, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Loftus EV Jr et al. Vedolizumab versus Adalimumab for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2019; 381(13): 1215–1226. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1905725.
50. Jena A, Mishra S, Singh AK et al. Cytomegalovirus in ulcerative colitis: an evidence-based approach to diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16(2): 109–120. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2032662.
51. Llaó J, Naves JE, Ruiz-Cerulla A et al. Intravenous corticosteroids in moderately active ulcerative colitis refractory to oral corticosteroids. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8(11): 1523–1528. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.06.010.
52. Murray A, Nguyen TM, Parker CE et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 8(8): CD000544. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000544.pub5.
53. Prokopová L, Ďuricová D, Bortlík et al. Doporučené postupy pro podávání aminosalicylátů u nemocných s idiopatickými střevními záněty. Gastroent Hepatol 2012; 66(5): 391–400.
54. Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 2009; 374(9701): 1617–1625. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (09) 61302-7.
55. Jorissen C, Verstockt B, Schils N et al. Long-term clinical outcome after thiopurine discontinuation in elderly IBD patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56(11): 1323–1327. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1965207.
56. Annese V, Beaugerie L, Egan L et al. European evidence-based consensus: inflammatory bowel disease and malignancies. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9(11): 945–965. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv141.
57. Kruis W, Schütz E, Fric P et al. Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11(5): 8535–8538. doi: 10.1046/ j.1365-2036.1997.00225.x.
58. Rembacken BJ, Snelling AM, Hawkey PM et al. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354(9179): 635–639. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)06343-0.
59. Kruis W, Fric P, Pokrotnieks J et al. Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut 2004; 53(11): 1617–1623. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.037747.
60. Institut biostatistiky a analýz. CREDIT. 2021 [online]. Available from: https: //credit.registry.cz/res/file/credit/iba1062_vyrocni_zprava_5.0_15mar2021.pdf.
61. Papamichael K, Cheifetz AS, Melmed GY et al. Appropriate therapeutic drug monitoring of biologic agents for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17(9): 1655–1668. doi: 10.1016/ j.cgh.2019.03.037.
62. Ungar B, Malickova K, Hanžel J et al. Dose optimisation for Loss of Response to Vedolizumab-Pharmacokinetics and Immune Mechanisms. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15(10): 1707–1719. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab067.
63. European Medicines Agency. Xeljanz. 2022 [online]. Available from: https: //www.ema.europa.eu/en/ documents/product-information/xeljanz-epar-product-information_en.pdf.
64. Dalal RS, Esckilsen S, Barnes EL et al. Predictors and outcomes of Ustekinumab dose intensification in ulcerative colitis: a multicenter cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; S1542-3565(21)00338-4. doi: 10.1016/ j.cgh.2021.03.028.
65. Malíčková K, Pešinová V, Bortlík M et al. Telemedicína a idiopatické střevní záněty – výsledky pilotního projektu IBD Asistent. Gastroent Hepatol 2020; 74(1): 18–27. doi: 10.14735/ amgh202018.
66. de Jong MJ, Boonen A, van der Meulen-de Jong AE et al. Cost-effectiveness of telemedicine-directed specialized vs standard care for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in a randomized trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18(8): 1744–1752. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.038.
67. Ahmed W, Galati J, Kumar A et al. Dual biologic or small molecule therapy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20(3): e361–e379. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.03.034.
68. Lukáš M, Kolář M, Vašátko M et al. Dual biological or small molecule treatment in inflammatory bowel diseases: data from clinical practice. Crohn’s Colitis Congress (virtual), January 20–22, 2022, Las Vegas, USA.
69. El-Dallal M, Chen Y, Lin Q et al. Meta-analysis of virtual-based chromoendoscopy compared with dye-spraying chromoendoscopy standard and high-definition white light endoscopy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease at increased risk of colon cancer. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26(9): 1319–1329. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izaa011.
70. Laine L, Kaltenbach T, Barkun A et al. SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2015; 148(3): 639–651. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.031.
71. Annese V, Daperno M, Rutter MD et al. European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. European evidence-based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7(12): 982–1018. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.09.016.
72. van der Woude CJ, Ardizzone S, Bengtson MB et al. The second European evidenced-based consensus on reproduction and pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9(2): 107–124. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jju 006.
73. Cappell MS. Risks versus benefits of gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8(11): 610–634. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.162.
74. Ko MS, Rudrapatna VA, Avila P et al. Safety of flexible sigmoidoscopy in pregnant patients with known or suspected inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65(10): 2979–2985. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06122-8.
75. de Lima A, Zelinkova Z, van der Woude CJ. A prospective study of the safety of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9(7): 519–524. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv079.
76. Ďuricová D, Krátká Z, Bortlík M et al. Idiopatické střevní záněty mají negativní dopad na reprodukční chování pacientů: první multicentrický průzkum v České republice. Gastroent Hepatol 2021; 75(1): 12–19. doi: 10.48 095/ccgh202112.
77. Duricova D, Dvorakova E, Hradsky O et al. Safety of anti-TNF-alpha therapy during pregnancy on long-term outcome of exposed children: a controlled, multicenter observation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25(4): 789–796. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izy294.
78. Mahadevan U, Long MD, Kane SV et al. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes after fetal exposure to biologics and thiopurines among women with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2021; 160(4): 1131–1139. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.038.
79. Mitrova K, Pipek B, Bortlik M et al. Differences in the placental pharmacokinetics of vedolizumab and ustekinumab during pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective multicentre study. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14: 17562848211032790. doi: 10.1177/17562848211032790.
80. Mahadevan U, Dubinsky MC, Su C et al. Outcomes of pregnancies with maternal/Paternal exposure in the tofacitinib safety databases for ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24(12): 2494–2500. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izy160.
81. Fernández-Sánchez M, Ribes-Artero H, Fernández-Sánchez M et al. Fetal exposure to tofacitinib during the first trimester: a healthy newborn case report. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113(17): 1275–1279. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1942.
82. LeBlanc JF, Wiseman D, Lakatos PL et al. Elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease: updated review of the therapeutic landscape. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25(30): 4158–4171. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4158.
83. Sturm A, Maaser C, Mendall M et al. European Crohn’s and colitis organisation topical review on IBD in the elderly. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11(3): 263–273. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw188.
84. Beaugerie L, Carrat F, Colombel JF et al. Risk of new or recurrent cancer under immunosuppressive therapy in patients with IBD and previous cancer. Gut 2014; 63(9): 1416–1423. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305763.
85. Beaugerie L, Kirchgesner J. Balancing benefit vs risk of immunosuppressive therapy for individual patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17(3): 370–379. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.013.
86. Khoury W, Lavery IC, Kiran RP. Effects of chronic immunosuppression on long-term oncologic outcomes for colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery. Ann Surg 2011; 253(2): 323–327. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181fc9d36.
87. Ďuricová D, Lukáš M. Který typ biologické léčby zvolit u pacientů s idiopatickými střevními záněty? Remedia 2019; 29: 67–71.
88. Alsafi Z, Snell A, Segal JP. Prevalence of ‚pouch failure‘ of the ileoanal pouch in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2022; 37(2): 357–364. doi: 10.1007/s00384-021-04067-6.
89. Shen B, Kochhar GS, Rubin DT et al. Treatment of pouchitis, Crohn‘s disease, cuffitis, and other inflammatory disorders of the pouch: consensus guidelines from the International Ileal Pouch Consortium. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7(1): 69–95. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00214-4.
90. Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis: final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1955; 2(4947): 1041–1048. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4947.1041.
91. Dinesen LC, Walsh AJ, Nedeljkovic Protic M et al. The pattern of severe ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 4: 431–434.
92. Singh S, Al-Darmaki A, Frolkis AD et al. Postoperative mortality among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of populations based studies. Gastroenterology 2015; 149(4): 928–937. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.001.
93. Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH et al. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression. Clin Gastroent Hepatol 2007; 5(1): 103–110. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.09.033.
94. Spinelli A, Bonovas S, Burisch J et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in ulcerative colitis: surgical treatment. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16(2): 179–189. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab177.
95. Kucharzik T, Ellul P, Greuter T el al. ECCO guidelines for prevention, diagnoses and management of infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15(6): 879–913. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab052.
96. Lukáš M, Malíčková K. Epidemická infekční onemocnění a idiopatické střevní záněty. In: Lukáš M et al (eds). Idiopatické střevní záněty – nové trendy a mezioborové souvislosti. Praha: Grada Publishing, a. s. 2020.

Credited self-teaching test