Memory B lymphocytes in peripheral blood in coeliac disease – a pilot study
Ladislav Douda Orcid.org 1, Doris Vokurková2, Tomáš Douda Orcid.org 3, Ilja Tachecí Orcid.org 4, Václav Jirkovský Orcid.org 3, Tomáš Fejfar Orcid.org 3, Darina Kohoutová3, Tomáš Vašátko3, Eva Peterová3, Stanislav Rejchrt Orcid.org 3, Marcela Kopáčová Orcid.org 4, Jan Bureš Orcid.org 4
+ Affiliation
Summary
Functional hyposplenism is a condition accompanying many diseases including autoimmune disorders and lymphomas. Hyposplenism is also commonly found in adult coeliac disease (up to 20% of non-complicated and up to 80% of complicated disease). Hyposplenism is associated with an increased risk of severe infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae). The aim of this prospective study was to investigate memory B lymphocytes as an indirect biomarker of functional hyposplenism. A total of 42 patients with coeliac disease (11 men, 31 women; mean age 49 ± 14 years) and 10 healthy controls, blood donors (2 men, 8 women; mean age 39 ± 7 years) were enrolled into the study. None of the patients had a history of splenectomy and none of them suffered. from immunodeficiency. The DuraClone IM panel was used to identify B lymphocytes subpopulations in peripheral blood samples by flow cytometry Navios (Beckman Coulter) with software analysis using Kaluza version 1.2. Patients with coeliac disease and controls did not differ in basic parameters of leukocyte and total lymphocyte blood count. Switched memory B lymphocytes (CD19+CD27+IgD-), non-switched memory/marginal-zone-like B lymphocytes (CD19+CD27+IgD+) and immunoglobulin (Ig) M memory B lymphocytes (CD19+CD27+IgM++) were significantly lower in patients with coeliac compared to controls. Follicular (naïve) B lymphocytes were not significantly different between coeliac disease and controls. In conclusion, dysfunction of memory B lymphocytes can be responsible for an increased risk of severe bacterial infections in coeliac disease. Patients with coeliac disease with dysfunction of memory B lymphocytes are clearly indicated for pneumococcal vaccination.
Keywords
coeliac disease, functional hyposplenism, memory B lymphocytes, flow cytometryIntroduction
Coeliac disease is a chronic multiorgan autoimmune disease, affecting the small bowel and other organs and systems, in genetically predisposed individuals, precipitated by the ingestion of gluten [1,2]. Several gastrointestinal infections in-crease the risk of coeliac disease autoimmunity in children with genetic susceptibility to this autoimmune disorder. The risk is modified by the HLA genotype, infant gluten consumption, breastfeeding, and rotavirus vaccination, indicating complex interactions among infections, genetic factors, and diet in the aetiology of coeliac disease in early childhood [3]. Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is a controversial issue, however, a current study does not support a „protective“ role of H. pylori against coeliac disease [4], as previously reported [5]. Therefore, there are no reasons to avoid correctly indicated eradication of H. pylori also in subjects genetically susceptible to coeliac disease [4]. On the other hand, coeliac disease is associated with a higher risk of several infections, all viral, bacterial and parasitic [6–12]. There are serious concerns about pneumococcal infection in particular due to an impaired immunity to encapsulated bacteria [13–16]. Meta-analysis of a total of 156 articles (published between 1980–2017) and three large databases (the Swedish National Inpatient Register, the Oxford Record Linkage Study and the English National Hospital Episode Statistics) found increased incidence of pneumococcal infection among hospitalised celiac patients compared with controls (odds ratio 1.66) [17]. Preventive pneumococcal vaccination should be considered for those with coeliac disease, with special attention to those aged 15–64 years who have not received the scheduled pneumococcal vaccination series in the infant age [17]. Functional hyposplenism is a condition accompanying many diseases, including coeliac disease, other autoimmune disorders and lymphomas [13,14,18]. Hyposplenism is considered to be present if the size of the spleen is small on imaging, or in the presence of circulating Howell-Jolly bodies, mild degree of thrombocytosis and leukocytosis [18–20]. Association of hyposplenism with coeliac disease was recognized as early as in 1980, where almost half of patients had impaired splenic function [21]. Nowadays hyposplenism is commonly found in adult coeliac disease (up to 20% of non-complicated and up to 80% complicated disease) [13,22]. Hyposplenism is associated with an increased risk of severe infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae) [13,22,23]. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to investigate memory B lymphocytes as an indirect biomarker of functional hyposplenism.
Material and methods
A total of 42 patients with coeliac disease (11 men, 31 women; mean age 49 ± 14 years) and 10 healthy controls (blood donors; 2 men, 8 women; mean age 39 ± 7 years) were enrolled into the study. All patients but one were on long-term gluten-free diet. Coeliac disease was recently diagnosed just in one subject. None of the patients had a history of splenectomy and none of them suffered
from immunodeficiency.
The DuraClone IM panel was used to identify B lymphocytes subpopulations in peripheral blood samples by flow cytometry Navios (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA) with software analysis using Kaluza version 1.2. The DuraClone IM B cells are 8-colour, 8-monoclonal antibody reagents that allow to identify B lymphocyte subpopulations which are present in whole blood samples. The cocktail of monoclonal antibodies included: anti-IgD-FITC, anti-CD21-PE, anti-CD19-ECD, anti-CD27-PC7, anti-CD24-APC, anti-CD38-APC-A750, anti-IgM-PB and anti-CD45-KO. This test is based on the ability of specific monoclonal antibodies to bind to the antigen determinants which are expressed on B lymphocytes. Specific staining of leukocytes is performed by incubating the sample with IM B cells Panel. Subsequently, erythrocytes are removed by lysis. Five thousand CD19+ cells (B lymphocytes) are acquired and analyzed by flow cytometry.
The obtained data was tested statistically by means of descriptive statistics. Data with normal distribution were further analysed by parametric unpaired t-test and data with non-normal distribution were tested by non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. The Pearson test was used for correlation analysis (SigmaStat software, version 3.1, Jandel Corp., Erkrath, Germany).
The study was approved by the Joint University Ethics Committee. All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its latter amendments.
All patients signed written consent. For all data obtained, all personal identification information was deleted in compliance with the laws for the protection of confidentiality of the Czech Republic.
Results
Patients with coeliac disease and controls did not differ in basic parameters of leukocyte and total lymphocyte values (Tab. 1). Switched memory B lymphocytes (CD19+CD27+IgD-), non-switched memory/marginal-zone-like B lymphocytes (CD19+CD27+IgD+) and IgM memory B lymphocytes (CD19+CD27+IgM++) were significantly lower in coeliac disease compared to controls (Graph 1–6, Fig. 1 and 2). Follicular (naïve) B lymphocytes were not significantly different between coeliac disease (median 8.0; interquartile range 3.2–20.9) and controls (median 10.3; interquartile range 9.0–20.6; p = 0.530).
Discussion
Our current prospective pilot study has shown important dysfunction of memory B lymphocytes in patients with coeliac compared to controls. Switched memory B lymphocytes (CD19+CD27+IgD-), non-switched memory/marginal-zone-like B lymphocytes (CD19+CD27+IgD+) and IgM memory B lymphocytes (CD19+CD27+IgM++) were significantly lower in coeliac disease compared to controls. In humans, 30–60% of the B lymphocytes express CD27 and are considered to be memory B cells. Memory B lymphocytes are described as highly specific and long-lived cells, and are usually generated in response to infectious agents or vaccines. They persist in the organism and produce antibodies rapidly upon a second challenge with the same pathogen. Half of them are IgM memory B cells and the rest are switched memory B cells. In the peripheral blood as well as in the bone marrow, memory B lymphocytes have been identified in populations of B cells expressing either class-switched immunoglobulin isotypes: IgM and IgD, or IgM only. CD19+CD27+IgD-cells are called „switched“ memory B lymphocytes and are indicators of normal B-cell activation and development in the germinal centres in the lymph nodes or other secondary lymphoid tissues. Switched memory B cells do not express IgD, they have undergone class-switching and express IgG, IgA or IgE [24,25]. It was important for an appropriate evaluation of our results that basic parameters of leukocyte and total lymphocyte blood count were within normal values [26] and did not differ between coeliac disease and controls. Thus, dysfunction of memory B cells could be clearly seen.
Etiology and pathogenesis of functional hyposplenism has not been fully clarified yet. Even more, there is no specific marker which would be fully reliable. Hrncir et al. [27] demonstrated persistent character of marginal-zone-like B lymphocytes deficiency in the peripheral blood, suggesting that this might be a possible biomarker of functional hyposplenism in systemic lupus erythematosus. Decreased values of peripheral IgM memory B lymphocytes were also found up in up to 80% patients with inflammatory bowel disease [28], however, there was no correlation with activity and/or clinical course of the disease. Splenic function improved with the anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha therapy [29]. Di Sabatino et al. [13] found decreased peripheral IgM memory B lymphocytes in up to 20% of non-complicated and up to 80% complicated coeliac disease. Nevertheless, these results have not yet been supported by any subsequent studies from other centres. Long-term, hyposplenism could represent a risk of severe complications of coeliac disease, including type II refractory sprue and lymphoma [13]. Nowadays, B cell panels for flow cytometry have been improved significantly, so that more exact evaluation of B lymphocyte subpopulations is possible, e. g. transient B cells, plasmablasts, class switched and class non-switched B lymphocytes etc. We are aware of possible limits of our pilot study. Our patients with coeliac disease were older compared to control subjects (10 years on the average). The ability to internalize and to present antigens decreases with aging. In case of specific immunity, age-induced changes include decreasing number of naïve B lymphocytes, resulting in a reduced ability to respond to new antigens and to create immune memory. In contrast, specific memory B lymphocytes and plasma cells accumulate and may produce monoclonal IgG with a weaker affinity to antigens. The pool of naïve and memory T lymphocytes is reduced, the receptors of which show similarly impaired reactivity when meeting new antigens [30].
Further studies are needed to prove our pilot data. Nevertheless, our current results support the recommendation that patients with coeliac disease with dysfunction of memory B lymphocytes are clearly indicated to receive pneumococcal vaccination (13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine). Other vaccines recommended in patients with impaired splenic function should be considered individually (Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, monovalent meningococcal serogroup B vaccine) [31].
Conclusions
Dysfunction of switched memory B lymphocytes can be responsible for an increased risk of severe bacterial infections in coeliac disease.
Submitted/Doručeno: 4. 7. 2019
Accepted/Přijato: 9. 8. 2019
Prof. MUDr. Jan Bureš, CSc., FCMA
2nd Department of Internal Medicine – Gastroenterology
Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové
Charles University and University Hospital Hradec Králové
Sokolská 581
500 05 Hradec Králové
Czech Republic
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